Which of the following is NOT associated with early literacy?

Formal testing is not typically associated with early literacy for children from birth through age three. Early literacy focuses on nurturing a child's love for reading and storytelling through interactive and engaging activities. These activities are designed to foster language development, comprehension skills, and a connection to literacy that feels natural and enjoyable.

In the context of early literacy, reading books with children, exploring pictures and stories, and engaging in conversations are vital methods for enhancing a child's auditory and visual processing. These practices support their understanding of language, vocabulary development, and social skills. In contrast, formal testing implies a structured assessment that can create pressure and does not align with the organic, playful, and exploratory approach that is essential during these formative years of literacy development.